Razlike u unilateralnoj i bilateralnoj eksplozivnoj jakosti i dinamičkoj ravnoteži dječaka različite morfologije stopala

doctoral thesis

• Title (english): The differences in unilaterally and bilaterally explosive strength and dynamic balance on young boys with different foot morphology
• Author: Evangelos Chatzilelekas
• Mentor: Dubravka Ciliga (mentor)
• Committee member: Lidija Petrinović (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Mirna Andrijašević (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Iris Zavoreo (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Kinesiology; (Department of General and Applied Kinesiology); (Kinesiological Recreation and Kinesitherapy Chair); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2018-07-10, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: SOCIAL SCIENCES; Kinesiology
• Universal decimal classification (UDC): 615 - Pharmacology. Therapeutics. Toxicology ; 796/799 - Sport

Abstract

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi razlike između dvije skupine entiteta u nekim motoričkim sposobnostima na osnovu različite morfologije stopala. Istražile su se i utvrdile razlike između učenika sa normalnim stopalom (NST) i učenika sa spuštenim stopalom (SST) u eksplozivnoj jakosti donjih ekstremiteta, u unilateralnoj izvedbi (UIZ) i u bilateralnoj izvedbi (BIZ), kao i razlike u dinamičkoj ravnoteži u unilateralnoj izvedbi (UIZ) na osnovu njihovih antropoloških obilježja. U istraživanju... More je sudjelovalo 208 ispitanika, godišnjeg uzrasta 13 – 14 god. (+/- 6 mjeseci) odnosno dječaci sedmog i osmog razreda osnove škole na području grada Zagreba. Ispitanici su bili podijeljeni u dvije skupine: skupinu (1) činilo je 107 ispitanika s normalnim stopalom (NST) i skupinu (2) 101 ispitanik sa spuštenim stopalom (SST). U istraživanje su bili uključeni samo ispitanici s fiziološkom, odnosno fleksibilnom spuštenošću stopala, dok su iz istog bili isključeni ispitanici s fiksiranom, tj. rigidnom spuštenošću stopala, kao i ispitanici s izdignutim stopalom. Istraživana je isključivo medijalna spuštenost stopala. Svi rezultati, analize, rasprava i zaključci rada bazirani su na rezultatima odrazne (dominantne) noge i na rezultatima neodrazne (nedominantne) noge. Morfologija stopala odnosno medijalna spuštenost stopala bilateralno je procijenjena uz pomoć tehničkog pomagala (podoskopom s polariziranim svijetlom) te je evaluirana pomoću Clark-ove metode. Za procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti eksplozivne jakosti i dinamičke ravnoteže donjih ekstremiteta koristio se veći broj mjernih instrumenata. Za utvrđivanje eksplozivnih svojstava koristile su se varijable za procjenu brzinsko-snažnih svojstava mišića, koncentrično-ekscentrične kontrakcije mišića donjih ekstremiteta, u UIZ i u BIZ vertikalne i horizontalne skočnosti. Za procjenu komponente dinamičke ravnoteže koristio se zvjezdoliki test (engl. Star Excursion Balance Test - SEBT) u UIZ odrazne i neodrazne noge. U analizama rezultata dinamičke ravnoteže korištene su samo normalizirane vrijednosti rezultata zvjezdolikog testa - SEBT-a (udaljenost dosega / dužina noge x 100). U istraživanju je procijenjena razina tjelesne aktivnosti (RTA) ispitanika posebnim anketnim upitnikom (PAQ-C; The physical activity questionnaire for older children and adolescents) i indeksom tjelesne mase (engl. Body Mass Intex BMI = m / h²), ITM kg / cm2. Primarno je utvrđeno da između dviju grupa ispitanika ne postoje statistički značajne razlike u ITM kao i u RTA na nivou značajnosti (p > 0.05) i time je potvrđeno da ne postoji inicijalna razlika između grupa. Na osnovi postavljenih hipoteza i koeficijenta p–vrijednosti (p < 0,05) utvrdilo se da od ukupno 16 varijabli dinamičke ravnoteže koje se odnose na odrazne i neodrazne noge, u šest varijabli pronađene su statistički značajne razlike među grupama. Na temelju kružne mreže zvjezdolikog testa, od ukupno osam pravaca, varijable u kojima se statistički značajno razlikuju ispitanici sa stajnom odraznom i neodraznom nogom su medijalni (DRONM- DRNNM), posteriorni (DRONP – DRNNP) i lateralni (DRONL- DRNNL) pravac. Ispitanici sa normalnim stopalom NST pokazali su bolje rezultate u odnosu na ispitanike sa spuštenim stopalom SST. Naime ovaj prostor obuhvaća cijelu stražnju polovicu kružne mreže zvjezdolikog testa. U prednjoj polovici kružne mreže zvjezdolikog testa odnosno u varijablama anteriolateral (DRONAL-DRNNAL), anterior (DRONA-DRNNA), anteriomedial (DRONAM -DRNNAM), iako su ispitanici sa NST pokazali nešto bolje rezultate, nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika između grupa. U eksplozivnoj jakosti tipa vertikalne i horizontalne skočnosti u UIZ ustanovilo se da od ukupno šest varijabli u pet ne postoji statistički značajna razlika, te da su ispitanici obje grupa skoro jednako efikasni. Ipak uočeno je da su ispitanici sa normalnim stopalom postigli statistički značajno bolje rezultate samo u jednoj varijabli horizontalne skočnosti. U eksplozivnoj jakosti bilateralne izvedbe tipa horizontalne skočnosti ustanovilo se da postoje statistički značajne razlike među grupama u jednoj varijabli u kojoj su ispitanici sa NST efikasnije izvodili zadatak od ispitanika sa SST. U eksplozivnoj jakosti bilateralne izvedbe tipa vertikalne skočnosti ustanovilo se da između grupe ispitanika ne postoji statistički značajna razlika. U eksplozivnoj jakosti bilateralne izvedbe tipa sprinta utvrdilo se da postoje statistički značajne razlike među grupama u jednoj varijabli u kojoj su ispitanici sa SST postigli bolje rezultate, odnosno trčali su brže od ispitanika sa NST. Rezultati rada eksplozivne jakosti pokazali su da se grupe ispitanika razlikuju u dvije od pet varijabli horizontalne skočnosti u kojim su ispitanici sa NST postigli znatno bolje rezultate. U svim varijablama vertikalne skočnosti obje grupe ispitanika postigli su iste rezultate i ne postoje statistički značajne razlike između grupa ispitanika. Less

Abstract (english)

The aim of this study was to determine the differences between two entity groups in some motor skills based on different foot morphology. Differences were studied and determined between students with normal feet (NST), and students with flat feet (SST) in explosive strength of the lower extremities, in unilateral performance (UIZ) and bilateral performance (BIZ), as well as differences in dynamic balance in unilateral performance (UIZ) based on their anthropological features. The study... More involved 208 respondents, 13 to 14 years of age (+/- 6 months), i.e. the seventh and eighth grade elementary school boys from the city of Zagreb. The respondents were divided into two groups: the group (1) comprised 107 respondents with normal feet (NST) and the group (2) 101 respondents with flat feet (SST). The study included only subjects with physiological, i.e. flexible lowering of the arches, while those with fixed, i.e. rigid lower arches, as well as those with high arches, were excluded from it. Only the median lowering of the arch was studied. All the results, analyses, discussions and conclusions of the study are based on the results of the dominant leg and the results of the non-dominant leg. Foot morphology, i.e. median lowering of the arch, was assessed bilaterally with the help of technical aids (polarized light podoscope) and was evaluated using the Clark's method. A high number of measuring instruments were used to assess the motor skills of explosive strength and the dynamic balance of the lower extremities. Variables for assessing the velocity-strength muscle properties, concentric-eccentric lower extremity muscle contraction, in UIZ and in BIZ vertical and horizontal jump were used to determine the explosive properties. To evaluate the dynamic balance component, the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) was used in UIZ of the dominant and the non-dominant leg. The analyses of the dynamic balance results only used the normalized values of the star test - SEBT (distance/leg length x 100). The study estimated the physical activity level (RTA) of the respondents with the use of the special questionnaire (PAQ-C; The physical activity questionnaire for older children and adolescents) and Body Mass Index (BMI = m/h²), ITM kg/cm2. Primarily, it was established that there were no statistically significant differences between ITM and RTA at the level of significance (p> 0.05) between the two groups of respondents, confirming that there was no initial difference between the groups. Based on the set hypothesis and p-value coefficient (p <0.05), that out of a total of 16 dynamic balance variables related to dominant and non-dominant legs statistically significant differences between groups were found in six variables. Based on a circular star test, out of a total of eight directions, variables in which respondents significantly statistically differ with dominant and non-dominant leg are medial (DRONM-DRNNM), posterior (DRONP-DRNNP) and lateral (DRONL-DRNNL) directions. The respondents with normal feet (NST) showed better results compared to those with flat feet (SST). Namely, this area covers the entire back half of the circular network of the star test. In the front half of the circular network of the star test, i.e. in the anterolateral (DRONAL-DRNNAL), anterior (DRONA-DRNNA), anteromedial (DRONAM-DRNNAM) variables, although the NST respondents showed somewhat better results, no statistically significant difference between the groups was determined. In the explosive strength of the vertical and horizontal jump type in UIZ, it was found that out of the six variables the five have no statistically significant difference, and that the respondents of both groups are almost equally efficient. However, it was determined that the subjects with normal feet achieved statistically significantly better results only in one horizontal jump variable. In the explosive strength of the bilateral performance of horizontal jump type, there were statistically significant differences between the groups in one variable in which the NST respondents performed the task more efficiently than the respondents with SST. In the explosive strength of the bilateral performance of the vertical jump, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups of respondents. In the explosive strength of the bilateral performance of the sprint type it was found that there are statistically significant differences between the groups in one variable in which SST respondents achieved better results, that is, they ran faster than the NST respondents. Explosive strengths results showed that the groups of respondents differed in two of the five variables of horizontal jump in which NST respondents achieved significantly better results. In all variables of vertical jump, both groups of respondents achieved the same results and there are no statistically significant differences between the groups of respondents. Less

• Keywords: normalno stopalo; spušteno stopalo; odrazna noga; neodrazna noga; dinamička ravnoteža; eksplozivna jakost; unilateralna izvedba; bilateralna izvedba
• Keywords (english): normal foot; flat foot; dominant leg; non-dominant leg; dynamic explosive balance; explosive strength; unilateral performance; bilateral performance
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:117:797511
• Study programme: Title: postgraduate doctoral study of kinesiology; Study programme type: university; Study level: postgraduate; Academic / professional title: doktor/doktorica znanosti, područje društvenih znanosti, polje kineziologija (doktor/doktorica znanosti, područje društvenih znanosti, polje kineziologija)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2018-08-20 07:43:32