| Sažetak | U gotovo svim momčadskim sportovima i sprinterskim disciplinama dominantne sposobnosti su maksimalna brzina trčanja i startno ubrzanje. Za potrebe prakse pokušavaju se pronaći testovi koji su jednostavni za provođenje, koji mogu omogućiti dobru predikciju rezultata u određenom sportu ili sportskoj disciplini te pomoći pri selekciji sportaša, usmjeravanju, praćenju i evaluaciji trenažnog procesa. Znanost i praksa u tom smislu nude velik broj motoričkih testova koji na to upućuju. U atletskoj praksi koristi se test unilateralnih horizontalnih cikličkih skokova kao pokazatelj uspješnosti u sprintu. U ovoj disertaciji primarni cilj bio je standardizirati i prikazati interne mjerne karakteristike novog motoričkog testa za procjenu eksplozivne snage nogu pod nazivom unilateralni horizontalni ciklički skokovi na 20 m (MUHCS20m). Pored osnovnog cilja utvrđena je povezanost s rezultatom u trčanju na 100 m kao i s različitim segmentima brzine trčanja te pripadajućim kinematičkim parametrima. U istraživanju je za potrebe utvrđivanja internih metrijskih karakteristika novog motoričkog testa MUHCS20m sudjelovao 31 student sportaš prosječne dobi 20,61 ± 1,96 godina, prosječne tjelesne visine 185,16 ± 7,19 centimetara te prosječne tjelesne mase 79,48 ± 9,23 kilograma. Na uzorku od 118 ispitanika studenata kineziologije prosječne dobi 20,46 ± 1,17 godina, prosječne tjelesne visine 179,68 ± 6,42 centimetra te prosječne tjelesne mase 75,56 ± 7,32 kilograma utvrđivana je povezanost rezultatskih postignuća u izvedbi testa MUHCS20m i rezultatskih postignuća u trčanju na 20 m iz niskog starta (MTNS20m), trčanju na 20 m iz letećeg starta (MTLS20m) te trčanju na 100 m (M100m). Kao kriterij ispravnosti izvedbe unilateralnih horizontalnih skokova u testu definirana je granica prosječnog trajanja kontakta (TK) do 250 ms kod dominantne noge. Rezultati ispitanika koji nisu zadovoljili ovaj kriterij nisu uzeti u obzir. Utvrđivala se povezanost kinematičkih parametara motoričkog testa MUHCS20m i kinematičkih parametara testova MTNS20m te MTLS20m kao i razlika između postignuća i kinematičkih parametara u izvedbi unilateralnih horizontalnih cikličkih skokova na 20 m kod dominantne i nedominantne noge. Za potrebe utvrđivanja internih metrijskih karakteristika ispitanici su test MUHCSD20m izveli tri puta dominantnom nogom. Utvrđena je visoka pouzdanost novog mjernog instrumenta (Chronbach α = 0,95), visok koeficijent homogenosti te zadovoljavajuća osjetljivost testa za populaciju studenata zagrebačkog sveučilišta. U glavnom dijelu eksperimenta ispitanici su sve motoričke testove izveli dva puta te se u obzir uzimao bolji rezultat. Regresijskom analizom utvrđena je statistički značajna povezanost rezultata postignutih u testu MUHCS20m i testovima MTNS20m, MTLS20m i M100m. Najviši koeficijent korelacije pokazuje povezanost unilateralnih horizontalnih cikličkih skokova s trčanjem maksimalnom brzinom (R = 0,53), dok je najniži koeficijent povezanosti s rezultatom trčanja na 100 m (R = 0,38). Višestruka regresijska analiza pokazuje statistički značajnu povezanost skupa kinematičkih parametara testa MUHCS20m i rezultata u testovima M100m, MTNS20m i MTLS20m. I u ovom slučaju najviši koeficijent determinacije skup kinematičkih parametara testa MUHCS20m pokazuje s rezultatom trčanja MTLS20m (R² = 0,56). Stepwise regresijskom analizom utvrđen je najvažniji prediktor uspješnosti trčanja startnog ubrzanja, trčanja maksimalnom brzinom i trčanja na 100 m, prosječna brzina kretanja (v). U slučaju izuzimanja varijable prosječne brzine (v) iz prediktorskog skupa kinematičkih varijabli, stepwise regresijskom analizom utvrđene su statistički značajne povezanosti DK i TK s rezultatom trčanja u testovima M100m i MTLS20m te statistički negativna povezanost BK s rezultatom u testu MTNS20m. Rezultati u izvedbi testa MUHCS20m dominantnom i nedominantnom nogom ukazuju kako postoje statistički značajne razlike u konačnom rezultatu i promatranim kinematičkim parametrima koje su utvrđivane t- testom za zavisne uzorke i Sign testom za varijable koje statistički značajno odstupaju od normalne distribucije, osim u varijabli „prosječno trajanje leta“ (TL). Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju kako postoji povezanost unilateralnih horizontalnih skokova i sposobnosti sprinterskog trčanja u segmentima startnog ubrzanja, trčanja maksimalnom brzinom i trčanja na 100 m. Iako definiran kao motorički test za procjenu eksplozivne snage nogu, MUHCS20m zbog zahtjeva za što bržom izvedbom ne iziskuje generiranje maksimalne sile prilikom odraza, a samim time otvara prostor sposobnostima brzine i koordinacije koje utječu na sveukupni rezultat. S obzirom na složenost i specifičnost testa MUHCS20m, autor pretpostavlja kako bi prediktivna vrijednost testa na uspješnost u pojedinim segmentima sprinterskog trčanja bila viša kod sprinterske populacije. Ovi podaci sadržavaju dio informacija koje su važne za predikciju rezultata u sprintu, selekciju sprintera i kontrolu treniranosti u trenažnom procesu, ali i svim sportovima i sportskim disciplinama u kojima dominiraju pojedine strukture sprinterskog trčanja. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | Maximum running speed and starting acceleration are a dominant capability in nearly all team and sprint-related sports disciplines. In order to be put into practice, attempts are made to find tests that are easy to perform and that can provide a good prediction of results in a particular sport or sports discipline and help with the selection of athletes, guidance, monitoring and evaluation of the training process. In this regard, science and practice offer a large number of motor tests for this purpose. In athletics, the unilateral horizontal cyclic jump test is used as an indicator of sprint performance. The primary objective of this dissertation was to establish and demonstrate the internal measuring features of a new motor skills test for the assessment of explosive power of a jump type called 20-meter unilateral horizontal cyclic jumps (MUHCS20m). In addition to the basic objective, the correlation with 100-meter running results, as well as with different aspects of running speed and the related kinematic parameters was determined. For the purpose of determining the internal metric characteristics of the new MUHCS20m motor skills tests, the research included the participation of 31 students athletes of average age of 20.61 ± 1.96 years, average body height of 185.16 ± 7.19 centimeters and average body weight of 79.48 ± 9.23 kilograms. A sample of 118 Kinesiology students with an average age of 20.46 ± 1.17 years, an average body height of 179.68 ± 6.42 centimeters and an average body weight of 75.56 ± 7.32 kilograms was used to establish correlation between the results of the MUHCS20m test and the results of 20-m sprint start running (MTNS20m), 20-meter three-point start running (MTLS20m), and 100-meter running (M100m). The defined criterion for the correctness of the performance of unilateral horizontal jumps in the test was the limit of average contact duration (CD) up to 250 ms at the dominant leg. The results of the participants who did not meet this criterion were not taken into account. The correlation between kinematic parameters of the MUHCS20m motor skills test and kinematic parameters of the MTNS20m and MTLS20m tests was determined, as well as the difference between achievement and kinematic parameters in the performance of 20-meter unilateral horizontal cyclic jumps at the dominant and non-dominant leg. For the purpose of determining internal metric characteristics, the subjects performed the MUHCSD20m test three times using the dominant leg. Apart from other satisfactory parameters, a high reliability rate of the new composite measuring instrument was determined (Chronbach α= 0.95). In the main part of the experiment, the subjects performed all motor skills tests twice, and the better result was taken
into consideration. Regression analysis was used to reveal a statistically significant correlation between the results achieved in the MUHCS20m test and the MTNS20m, MTLS20m and M100m tests. The highest correlation coefficient indicates the connection between unilateral horizontal cyclic jumps and running at maximum speed (R= 0.53), while the lowest correlation coefficient was achieved with running results at 100 m (R= 0.38). Multiple regression analysis shows a statistically significant correlation between the set of kinematic parameters of the MUHCS20m test and the results in the M100m, MTNS20m and MTLS20m tests. In this case also was the highest coefficient of determination of the set of kinematic parameters of the MUHCS20m test established with the result of the MTLS20m test (R²= 0.56). Stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the most important predictor of successful starting acceleration running, maximum speed running and 100-meter running: average velocity (v). In the case of excluding the average velocity variable (v) from the predictor set of kinematic variables, statistically significant correlations of SL and CD with the running result in the M100m and MTLS20m tests and the negative influence of the SN on the result in the MTNS20m test were determined by stepwise regression analysis. Results of the MUHCS20m test performed at the dominant and non-dominant leg indicate that there are statistically significant differences in the final result and observed kinematic parameters determined by the t-test for dependent samples and the Sign test, except in the average flight duration (FD) variable. The results of the study show the existence of a correlation between unilateral horizontal jumps and sprinting ability in the aspects of starting acceleration, running at maximum speed and 100-meter running. Even though the MUHCS20m test is defined as a motor skills test for defining the explosive power of a legs, due to the increased performance requirements, it does not require the generation of maximum force at rebound, which signifies that the capabilities of speed and coordination can certainly affect the overall result. Given the complexity and specificity of the MUHCS20m test, the author supposes that the predictive value of the test on performance in particular aspects of sprinting would be higher among sprinters. This data contains some of the information that is important for the prediction of sprint results, the selection of sprinters and the control of training levels in the training process, but also for all sports and sports disciplines with dominant sprinting elements. |
